(1)
Welcome – Blackboard Learn. https://www.ole.bris.ac.uk/webapps/portal/execute/tabs/tabAction?tab_tab_group_id=_17_1.
(2)
SOCIM3107 Unit Summary. https://www.bris.ac.uk/unit-programme-catalogue/UnitDetails.jsa?ayrCode=19%2F20&unitCode=SOCIM3107.
(3)
hooks, bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation; Routledge: New York, 2015.
(4)
Back, L.; Solomos, J. Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader, 2nd ed.; Routledge: London, 2009; Vol. Routledge student readers.
(5)
Baker, L. D. From Savage to Negro; University of California Press: Berkerley, 1998.
(6)
Alexander, C. Stuart Hall and ‘Race’; Taylor & Francis: London, 2014.
(7)
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk; Edwards, B. H., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008.
(8)
Brubaker, R. Ethnicity without Groups; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 2004.
(9)
Solomos, J.; Hill Collins, P. The SAGE Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies; SAGE: Los Angeles, Calif, 2010.
(10)
Fenton, S. Ethnicity, 2nd ed.; Polity: Cambridge, 2010; Vol. Key concepts.
(11)
Horowitz, D. L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 2nd ed.; London: Berkeley, Calif, 2000.
(12)
Karner, C. Ethnicity and Everyday Life, 1st ed.; Routledge: London, 2007.
(13)
Miles, R. Racism and Migrant Labour; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1982.
(14)
Modood, T. Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity and Muslims in Britain; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2005.
(15)
Modood, T. Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea; Polity Press: Cambridge, 2007; Vol. Themes for the twenty-first century.
(16)
Ethnicities.
(17)
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.
(18)
Nations and Nationalism.
(19)
The International Migration Review.
(20)
Ethnic and Racial Studies.
(21)
Patterns of Prejudice.
(22)
Social Identities.
(23)
BRUBAKER, R. Ethnicity without Groups. European Journal of Sociology 2002, 43 (2), 163–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975602001066.
(24)
CARTER, B.; FENTON, S. Not Thinking Ethnicity: A Critique of the Ethnicity Paradigm in an Over-Ethnicised Sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 2010, 40 (1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00420.x.
(25)
Cohen, A. Invisible Organisations:  Some Case Studies. In Two-dimensional man: an essay on the anthropology of power and symbolism in complex society; Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1974; pp 90–118.
(26)
Desmond, M.; Emirbayer, M. WHAT IS RACIAL DOMINATION? Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2009, 6 (02). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X09990166.
(27)
Geertz, C. Integrative Revolution. In The interpretation of cultures: selected essays; Basic Books: New York, 2000; pp 255–310.
(28)
Handler, R. Is "Identity” a Useful Cross-Cultural Concept? In Commemorations: the politics of national identity; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 1994; pp 27–40.
(29)
Horowitz, D. Chapter 2, ‘A Family Resemblance,’ in Ethnic Groups in Conflict. In Ethnic groups in conflict; London: Berkeley, Calif, 2000; pp 55–92.
(30)
Mara Loveman. Is ‘Race’ Essential? American Sociological Review 1999, 64 (6), 891–898.
(31)
Monk, E. P. The Consequences of "Race and Color” in Brazil. Social Problems 2016, 63 (3), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spw014.
(32)
Saperstein, A.; Penner, A. M. Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 2012, 118 (3), 676–727. https://doi.org/10.1086/667722.
(33)
Song, M. Challenging a Culture of Racial Equivalence. The British Journal of Sociology 2014, 65 (1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12054.
(34)
Wacquant, L. J. D. For an Analytic of Racial Domination. Political power and social theory. 1997, 221–234.
(35)
Weber, M. Ethnic Groups. In Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology; University of California Press: Berkeley, Calif, 1978; pp 385–398.
(36)
Rogers Brubaker. Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism. Annual Review of Sociology 2009, 35, 21–42.
(37)
Ronald Cohen. Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology 1978, 7, 379–403.
(38)
Eriksen, T. H. Chapter 1, ‘What Is Ethnicity?’, In Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. In Ethnicity and nationalism: anthropological perspectives; Pluto Press: London, 2010; Vol. Anthropology, culture, and society, pp 1–22.
(39)
Gil-White, F. J. How Thick Is Blood? The Plot Thickens . . .: If Ethnic Actors Are Primordialists, What Remains of the Circumstantialist / Primordialist Controversy? Ethnic and Racial Studies 1999, 22 (5), 789–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329260.
(40)
Jenkins, R. Chapter 1, ‘Knowing Who’s Who’, Chapter2, ‘A Sign of the Times?’, And Chapter 3, ‘Understanding Identification’ Social Identity. In Social identity; Routledge: London, 2014; Vol. Key ideas, pp 1–38.
(41)
Meer, N.; Nayak, A. Race Ends Where? Race, Racism and Contemporary Sociology. Sociology 2015, 49 (6), NP3–NP20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513501943.
(42)
Van den Berghe, P. L. Chapter 2, ‘Ethnicity as Kin Selection: The Biology of Nepotism’, in The Ethnic Phenomenon. In The ethnic phenomenon; Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, 1987.
(43)
Dirks, N. B. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction: The Modernity of Caste’, in Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. In Castes of mind: colonialism and the making of modern India; Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2001.
(44)
Barbara Jeanne Fields. Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America. New Left Review 1990, 181.
(45)
Fredrickson, G. M. Race Mixture and the Color Line. In White supremacy: a comparative study of American and South African history; Oxford University Press: New York, 1981; pp 94–135.
(46)
Theo Goldberg, D. Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2006, 29 (2), 331–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500465611.
(47)
Omi, M.; Winant, H. Racial Formation. In Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960’s to the 1980s; Routledge & Kegan Paul: New York, 1986; Vol. Critical social thought, pp 57–69.
(48)
Dikotter, F. Racial Discourse in China: Continuities and Permutations. In The construction of racial identities in China and Japan: historical and contemporary perspectives; Hurst: London, 1997; pp 12–33.
(49)
Said, E. The Scope of Orientalism. In Orientalism; Penguin: London, 2003; pp 29–112.
(50)
Anderson, K. B. Chapter 3, ‘Race, Class, and Slavery: The Civil War as a Second American Revolution’, in Marx at the Margins: On Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Non-Western Societies. In Marx at the margins: on nationalism, ethnicity, and non-western societies; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Ill, 2010.
(51)
Bhabha, H. K. The Other Question... Screen 1983, 24 (6), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/24.6.18.
(52)
Ignatiev, N. White Negroes and Smoked Irish. In How the Irish became white; Routledge: New York, N.Y., 1995; pp 34–61.
(53)
Mosse, G. Eighteenth-Century Foundations. In Toward the final solution: a history of European racism; Dent: London, 1978; pp 1–16.
(54)
Wagley, C. Chapter 30, ‘On the Concept of Social Race in the Americas’. In Contemporary cultures and societies of Latin America: a reader in the social anthropology of Middle and South America; Heath, D. B., Ed.; Waveland Press: Prospect Heights, Ill, 2002.
(55)
Castles, S. The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities. In The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2014; pp 25–54.
(56)
Castles, S.; Haas, H. de; Miller, M. J. Chapter 3, ‘International Migration before 1945’, and Chapter 4, ‘Migration to Highly-Developed Countries since 1945’, in The Age of Migration. In The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2014.
(57)
Eriksen, T. H. Chapter 5, ‘Ethnicity in History’, in Ethnicity and Nationalism. In Ethnicity and nationalism: anthropological perspectives; Pluto Press: London, 2010; Vol. Anthropology, culture, and society, pp 95–116.
(58)
Fenton, S. Chapter 3, ‘The Demise of Race: The Emergence of "Ethnic”’ in Ethnicity. In Ethnicity; Polity: Cambridge, 2010; Vol. Key concepts.
(59)
Rex, J. The Social Institutions of Colonialism:  Conquest and Unfree Labour. In Race relations in sociological theory; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1983; pp 32–58.
(60)
Smith, A. The Ethnic Basis of National Identity. In National identity; Penguin Books: London, 1991; pp 19–42.
(61)
Young, C. Ethnicity and the Colonial and Post-Colonial State in Africa. In Ethnic groups and the state; Croom Helm: London, 1985; pp 59–93.
(62)
Diner, H. R. History and the Study of Immigration. In Migration theory: talking across disciplines; Routledge: New York, N.Y., 2008; pp 27–49.
(63)
Fenton, S. Racialisation and Ethnicity in the Economic Context. In Ethnicity: racism, class and culture; Macmillan: Basingstoke, 1999; pp 114–140.
(64)
Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A. D. Chapter 3, ‘Ethnicity in History’, in Ethnicity. In Ethnicity; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1996.
(65)
Chapman, M.; Macdonald, M.; Tonkin, E. History and Ethnicity. In Ethnicity; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1996; pp 18–24.
(66)
Barth, F. Introduction. In Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of culture difference; Universitetsforlaget: Bergen, 1969; Vol. Scandinavian university books, pp 9–38.
(67)
Pierre Bourdieu. The Social Space and the Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society 1985, 14 (6), 723–744.
(68)
Rogers Brubaker, Mara Loveman and Peter Stamatov. Ethnicity as Cognition. Theory and Society 2004, 33 (1), 31–64.
(69)
Jenkins, R. Categorization and Power. In Rethinking ethnicity: arguments and explorations; Sage: London, 1997; pp 52–73.
(70)
Wimmer, A. The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory. American Journal of Sociology 2008, 113 (4), 970–1022. https://doi.org/10.1086/522803.
(71)
Zerubavel, E. The Sociology of the Mind. In Social mindscapes: an invitation to cognitive sociology; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1997; pp 1–22.
(72)
Zerubavel, E. Chapter 4, ‘The Social Division of the World’ in Social Mindscapes. In Social mindscapes: an invitation to cognitive sociology; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1997.
(73)
Cesaire, A.; Pinkham, J.; Kelley, R. D. G.; Ca(c)Saire, A.; C Saire, A.; Kelley, R. D. G. Discourse on Colonialism; Monthly Review Press, 2014.
(74)
Brubaker, R.; Feischmidt, M.; Fox, J.; Grancea, L. Chapter 7, ‘Categories’, in Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. In Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 2006; pp 207–238.
(75)
D’Andrade, R. The Growth of Schema Theory. In The development of cognitive anthropology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1995; pp 122–149.
(76)
Van Dijk, T. A. Political Discourse. In Elite discourse and racism; Sage: Newbury Park, 1993; Vol. Sage series on race and ethnic relations, pp 49–114.
(77)
Alonso, W. Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity. In The politics of numbers; Russell Sage Foundation: New York, 1987; Vol. The population of the United States in the 1980s : a Census monograph series, pp 187–233.
(78)
Posner, D. N. The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia. Comparative Politics 2003, 35 (2). https://doi.org/10.2307/4150148.
(79)
Reid, A. Chapter 4, ‘Malay (Melayu) and Its Descendants: Multiple Meanings of a Porous Category’ in Imperial Alchemy. In Imperial alchemy: nationalism and political identity in Southeast Asia; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2009; pp 81–114.
(80)
Ross, M. H. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction:  Easy Questions and Hard Answers, What Are They Fighting about?’, In Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. In Cultural contestation in ethnic conflict; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007; Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics, pp 1–29.
(81)
Quinn, N.; Strauss, C. Schema Theory and Connectionism. In A cognitive theory of cultural meaning; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1997; Vol. Publications of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, pp 48–84.
(82)
Discourse, Power, and Subjectivity. In Mapping the language of racism: discourse and the legitimation of exploitation; Harvester Wheatsheaf: New York, 1992; pp 58–87.
(83)
Whitehead, K. A. Racial Categories as Resources and Constraints in Everyday Interactions: Implications for Racialism and Non-Racialism in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2012, 35 (7), 1248–1265. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.591407.
(84)
Paca, D. ‘Schatzi’: Making Meaning of Diaspora. JOMEC Journal 2015, No. 7. https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2015.10005.
(85)
Alexander, J. C. Struggling over the Mode of Incorporation: Backlash against Multiculturalism in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2013, 36 (4), 531–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.752515.
(86)
Bauman, Z. Chapter 2, ‘From Pilgrim to Tourist – or a Short History of Identity’, in Questions of Cultural Identity. In Questions of cultural identity; Sage: London, 1996; pp 18–36.
(87)
Entzinger, H. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism:  The Case of the Netherlands. In Toward assimilation and citizenship: immigrants in liberal nation-states; Palgrave Macmillan: Houndmills, 2003; Vol. Migration, minorities, and citizenship, pp 59–86.
(88)
Gilroy, P. Chapter 1, ‘"Race”, Class and Agency’, in  There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. In There ain’t no black in the Union Jack: the cultural politics of race and nation; Routledge: London, 2002; Vol. Routledge classics, pp 15–42.
(89)
Hall, S. Introduction:  Who Needs "identity”? In Questions of cultural identity; Sage: London, 1996; pp 1–17.
(90)
Christian Joppke. Multiculturalism and Immigration: A Comparison of the United States, Germany, and Great Britain. Theory and Society 1996, 25 (4), 449–500.
(91)
Meer, N.; Modood, T. The Multicultural State We’re In: Muslims, ‘Multiculture’ and the ‘Civic Re-Balancing’ of British Multiculturalism. Political Studies 2009, 57 (3), 473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00745.x.
(92)
Modood, T. Is Multiculturalism Appropriate for the Twenty-First Century. In Multiculturalism: a civic idea; Polity: Cambridge, 2013; pp 1–20.
(93)
Vertovec, S. Super-Diversity and Its Implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2007, 30 (6), 1024–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465.
(94)
Hollinger, D. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction,’ in Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. In Postethnic America: beyond multiculturalism; BasicBooks: New York, 1995.
(95)
FitzGerald, D.; Cook-Martin, D. Introduction. In Culling the masses: the democratic origins of racist immigration policy in the Americas; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014; pp 1–46.
(96)
Gilroy, P. On Living with Difference. In After empire: melancholia or convivial culture?; Routledge: London, 2004; pp 1–28.
(97)
Hall, S. Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In Identity: community, culture, difference; Lawrence & Wishart: London, 1990; pp 222–237.
(98)
Hollinger, D. Haleys Choice and the Ethno-Racial Pentagon. In Postethnic America: beyond multiculturalism; BasicBooks: New York, 1995; pp 19–50.
(99)
Modood, T. Difference, Cultural-Racism and Anti-Racism. In Debating cultural hybridity: multi-cultural identities and the politics of anti-racism; Zed Books: London, 1997; Vol. Postcolonial encounters, pp 154–172.
(100)
Modood, T. Muslims and the Politics of Multiculturalism. In Multicultural politics: racism, ethnicity and Muslims in Britain; Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, 2005; pp 151–170.
(101)
SCHOLTEN, P.; HOLZHACKER, R. Bonding, Bridging and Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands: Changing Discourses in a Changing Nation. Nations and Nationalism 2009, 15 (1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00350.x.
(102)
Skrentny, J. We Were Advancing the Really Revolutionary View of Discrimination. In The minority rights revolution; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 2002; pp 85–142.
(103)
Skrentny, J. Chapter 5, ‘"In View of the Existence of the Other Significant Minorities”: The Expansion of Affirmative Action for Minority Capitalists’, in The Minority Rights Revolution. In The minority rights revolution; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 2002; pp 85–164.
(104)
Soysal, Y. N. Discourses and Instruments of Incorporation. In Limits of citizenship: migrants and postnational membership in Europe; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Ill, 1994; pp 45–64.
(105)
Soysal, Y. N. Chapter 5, ‘The Organization of Incorporation’, in Limits of Citizenship. In Limits of citizenship: migrants and postnational membership in Europe; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Ill, 1994.
(106)
Bhabha, H. K. Nation and Narration; Routledge, 2013.
(107)
Anderson, B. Patriotism and Racism. In Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism; Verso: London, 2006; pp 141–154.
(108)
Crenshaw, K.; Gotanda, N.; Peller, G.; Thomas, K. Critical Race Theory; The New Press: New York, 1995.
(109)
Bourdieu, P. Identity and Representation: Elements for a Critical Reflection on the Idea of Region. In Language and symbolic power; Polity in association with Basil Blackwell: Cambridge, 1991; pp 220–228.
(110)
Brass, P. R. Text and Context. In Theft of an idol: text and context in the representation of collective violence; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 1997; pp 3–31.
(111)
Brass, P. R. Chapter 8, ‘Conclusion’, in Theft of an Idol. In Theft of an idol: text and context in the representation of collective violence; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 1997; pp 260–288.
(112)
Burleigh, M. Barbarism Institutionalized: Racism as State Policy. In The racial state: Germany, 1933-1945; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991; pp 44–73.
(113)
Kertzer, D. I. Censuses, Identity Formation, and the Struggle for Political Power. In Census and identity: the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national censuses; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2001; Vol. New perspectives on anthropological and social demography, pp 1–42.
(114)
Mara Loveman and Jeronimo O. Muniz. How Puerto Rico Became White: Boundary Dynamics and Intercensus Racial Reclassification. American Sociological Review 2007, 72 (6), 915–939.
(115)
Omi, M.; Winant, H. Chapter 5, ‘The Racial State’, in Racial Formation in the United States. In Racial formation in the United States; Routledge: London, 2015; pp 77–91.
(116)
RUANE, J.; TODD, J. The Roots of Intense Ethnic Conflict May Not in Fact Be Ethnic: Categories, Communities and Path Dependence. European Journal of Sociology 2004, 45 (2), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975604001432.
(117)
Simon, P. The Choice of Ignorance: The Debate on Ethnic and Racial Statistics in France. French Politics, Culture & Society 2008, 26 (1). https://doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2008.260102.
(118)
Vink, M. P.; Bauböck, R. Citizenship Configurations: Analysing the Multiple Purposes of Citizenship Regimes in Europe. Comparative European Politics 2013, 11 (5), 621–648. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2013.14.
(119)
Wimmer, A. Dominant Ethnicity and Dominant Nationhood. In Rethinking ethnicity: majority groups and dominant minorities; Routledge: London, 2004; pp 40–58.
(120)
Patricia Ahmed, Cynthia Feliciano and Rebecca Jean Emigh. Internal and External Ethnic Assessments in Eastern Europe. Social Forces 2007, 86 (1), 231–255.
(121)
Bowen, J. R. Chapter 4, ‘Scarves and Schools’, in Why the French Don’t like Headscarves. In Why the French don’t like headscarves: Islam, the State, and public space; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 2007; pp 65–97.
(122)
Bowker, G. C.; Star, S. L. Chapter 6, ‘The Case of Race Classification and Reclassification under Apartheid’, in Sorting Things Out. In Sorting things out: classification and its consequences; MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1999; Vol. Inside technology, pp 195–225.
(123)
Collins, R. Balkanization or Americanization:  A Geopolitical Theory of Ethnic Change. In Macrohistory: essays in sociology of the long run; Stanford University Press: Stanford, Calif, 1999; pp 70–109.
(124)
Davis, F. J. Chapter 4, ‘The Rule Becomes Firm’, in Who Is Black? One Nations Definition. In Who is black?: one nation’s definition; Pennsylvania State University Press: University Park, Pa, 2001; pp 51–80.
(125)
Dominguez, V. R. Introduction. In White by definition: social classification in creole Louisiana; Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, N.J., 1986; pp 1–20.
(126)
Maylam, P. Chapter 5, ‘The Segregation Era’, in South Africa’s Racial Past. In South Africa’s racial past: the history and historiography of racism, segregation, and apartheid; Ashgate: Aldershot, 2001; Vol. Research in migration and ethnic relations series, pp 143–206.
(127)
Maylam, P. Apartheid. In South Africa’s racial past: the history and historiography of racism, segregation, and apartheid; Ashgate: Aldershot, 2001; Vol. Research in migration and ethnic relations series, pp 175–206.
(128)
Prema Kurien. Colonialism and Ethnogenesis: A Study of Kerala, India. Theory and Society 1994, 23 (3), 385–417.
(129)
Roediger, D. Irish-American Workers and White Racial Formation in Antebellum United States. In The wages of whiteness: race and the making of the American working class; Verso: London, 2007; Vol. Haymarket series, pp 133–163.
(130)
Scott, J. C. Cities, People, and Language. In Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed; Yale University Press: New Haven, 1998; Vol. Yale agrarian studies, pp 53–83.
(131)
Scott, J. C. Part 1, ‘State Projects of Legibility and Simplification’, in Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. In Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed; Yale University Press: New Haven, 1998; Vol. Yale agrarian studies.
(132)
Sekulic, D. The Creation and Dissolution of the Multinational State: The Case of Yugoslavia. Nations and Nationalism 1997, 3 (2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1997.00165.x.
(133)
Clarke, S.; Garner, S. White Identities: A Critical Sociological Approach; Pluto Press: London, 2010.
(134)
Garner, S. Whiteness; Taylor & Francis Ltd: London, 2007.
(135)
Policing the Black Man: Arrest, Prosecution, and Imprisonment, First edition.; Davis, A. J., Ed.; Pantheon Books, a division of Penguin Random House LLC: New York, 2017.
(136)
Banton, M. How Competition Affects Boundaries. In Racial and ethnic competition; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1983; Vol. Comparative ethnic and race relations series, pp 100–139.
(137)
Glazer, N.; Moynihan, D. Introduction. In Ethnicity: theory and experience; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1975; pp 1–26.
(138)
Todorova, M. N. Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory; Hurst & Company: London, 2004.
(139)
Hale, H. E. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction’, Chapter 2, ‘The Need for a Microfoundational Theory of Ethnicity’, and Chapter 3, ‘A Relational Theory:  Ethnicity Is about Uncertainty, Whereas Ethnic Politics Is about Interests’ in The Foundations of Ethnic Politics. In The foundations of ethnic politics: separatism of states and nations in Eurasia and the world; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008; Vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics, pp 1–56.
(140)
Koopmans, R.; Statham, P. Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field of Political Contention: An Opportunity Structure Approach. In Challenging immigration and ethnic relations politics: comparative European perspectives; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000; pp 13–56.
(141)
Nagel, J. Introduction, ‘American Indian Ethnic Renewal’, in American Indian Ethnic Renewal. In American Indian ethnic renewal: Red power and the resurgence of identity and culture; Oxford University Press: New York, N.Y., 1996.
(142)
Nagel, J. Constructing Ethnic Identity. In American Indian ethnic renewal: Red power and the resurgence of identity and culture; Oxford University Press: New York, N.Y., 1996; pp 19–42.
(143)
Mann, M. The Argument. In The dark side of democracy: explaining ethnic cleansing; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2005; pp 1–33.
(144)
Olzak, S.; Nagel, J. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction - Competitive Ethnic Relations: An Overview,’ in Competitive Ethnic Relations. In Competitive ethnic relations; Academic Press: Orlando, 1986; pp 1–14.
(145)
Horowitz, D. Chapter 4, ‘Group Comparison and the Sources of Conflict’ and Chapter 5, ‘Group Entitlement and Sources of Conflict’, in Ethnic Groups in Conflict. In Ethnic groups in conflict; London: Berkeley, Calif, 2000; pp 141–228.
(146)
Koopmans, R.; Statham, P. Challenging the Liberal Nation‐State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims Making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany. American Journal of Sociology 1999, 105 (3), 652–696. https://doi.org/10.1086/210357.
(147)
Nagel, J. The Political Construction of Ethnicity. In Competitive ethnic relations; Academic Press: Orlando, 1986; pp 93–112.
(148)
Rothschild, J. Ethnicity as a Political Phenomenon... In Ethnopolitics: a conceptual framework; Columbia University Press: New York, 1981; pp 11–31.
(149)
Rothschild, J. ‘Introduction’, in Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework. In Ethnopolitics: a conceptual framework; Columbia University Press: New York, 1981.
(150)
Van den Berghe, P. L. Chapter 6, ‘Socio-Political Conflicts: "Native Policy”’, in South Africa. In South Africa: a study in conflict; University of California Press: Berkeley, 1967; pp 110–154.
(151)
Comaroff, J. L.; Comaroff, J. Chapter 2, ‘Three or Four Things about Ethno-Futures’, and Chapter 3, ‘Questions of Theory’, in Ethnicity, Inc. In Ethnicity, Inc; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Ill, 2009; Vol. Chicago studies in practices of meaning, pp 6–59.
(152)
Malesevic, S. Neo-Weberian Theory:  Ethnicity as Status Privilege. In The sociology of ethnicity; SAGE: London, 2004; pp 127–142.
(153)
Miles, R. Introduction. In Capitalism and unfree labour: anomaly or necessity?; Tavistock: London, 1987; pp 1–14.
(154)
Parkin, F. Internal Class Cleavages and the Ethnic Factor. In Marxism and class theory: a bourgeois critique; Tavistock: London, 1979; pp 29–43.
(155)
Pitcher, B. Theorizing Racial Consumption. In Consuming race; Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: London, 2014; pp 27–53.
(156)
Rex, J. Chapter 1, ‘Sociological Concepts and the Field of Ethnic and Race Relations’ and Chapter 2, ‘Race and Ethnicity in Sociological Theory’, in Race and Ethnicity. In Race and ethnicity; Open University Press: Milton Keynes, 1986; Vol. Concepts in the social sciences.
(157)
Back, L.; Solomos, J. Marxism, Racism, and Ethnicity. In Race, identity, and citizenship: a reader; Blackwell: Malden, Mass, 1999; pp 65–78.
(158)
Weber, M. Chapter 2, ‘The Economic Relationships of Organized Groups’, in Economy and Society. In Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology; University of California Press: Berkeley, Calif, 1978; pp 341–348.
(159)
Braubaker, R. Citizenship as Social Closure. In Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1992; pp 21–34.
(160)
Brubaker, R. Chapter 3, ‘State, State-System, and Citizenship in Germany’, in Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. In Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1992.
(161)
Genovese, E. D. Materialism and Idealism in the History of Negro Slavery in the Americas. In In red and black: Marxian explorations in Southern and Afro-American history; Allen Lane: London, 1971; pp 23–52.
(162)
Miles, R. Racialising Subjects and Aliens. In Racism after ‘race relations’; Routledge: London, 1993; pp 150–169.
(163)
Rex, J. Chapter 1, ‘The Theoretical Problem Stated’, Chapter, 2, and Chapter 7, ‘A Working Paradigm for Race Relations Research’, in Race Relations in Sociological Theory. In Race relations in sociological theory; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1983.
(164)
O’Connell Davidson, J. Modern Slavery: The Margins of Freedom; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2015.
(165)
Racism, Crisis, Brexit. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1361544.
(166)
Davidson, J. O. Mastery, Race and Nation: Prisons and Borders, Afterlives and Legacies of Transatlantic Slavery. In Modern slavery: the margins of freedom; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2015; pp 81–108.
(167)
Migration and Mobility (Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Short Course, Volume 5), 5. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2lN4rGTopsabGFtZ2JkSmVmWFE/view.
(168)
Cohen, R. Migration and Its Enemies: Global Capital, Migrant Labour and the Nation-State; Ashgate: Aldershot, 2006.
(169)
Agustín, L. M. Sex at the Margins: Migration, Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry; Zed Books: London, 2007.
(170)
Sharma, N. R. Home Economics : Nationalism and the Making of ‘migrant Workers’ in Canada; University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 2006.
(171)
Edna Bonacich. A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market. American Sociological Review 1972, 37 (5), 547–559.
(172)
Condor, S.; Fenton, S. Thinking across Domains: Class, Nation and Racism in England and Britain. Ethnicities 2012, 12 (4), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812448016.
(173)
Fenton, S. Chapter 6, ‘Migration and Ethnicity’ in  Ethnicity. In Ethnicity; Polity: Cambridge, 2010; Vol. Key concepts, pp 115–138.
(174)
Hechter, M. Towards a Theory of Ethnic Change. In Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536-1966; Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1975; Vol. International library of sociology, pp 15–43.
(175)
Hechter, M. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction’, in Internal Colonialism. In Internal colonialism: the Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536-1966; Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1975; Vol. International library of sociology.
(176)
Miles, R. Racism and Class Structure: Migrant Labour in Contemporary Capitalism. In Racism and migrant labour; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1982; pp 151–188.
(177)
Miles, R. Chapter 6, ‘Labour Migration and Racism: The Case of the Irish’, in Racism and Migrant Labour. In Racism and migrant labour; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1982.
(178)
Rex, J. Class, Race and Ethnicity in the Metropolis. In Race and ethnicity; Open University Press: Milton Keynes, 1986; Vol. Concepts in the social sciences, pp 59–78.
(179)
Banks, M. Ethnicity and Race in Britain. In Ethnicity: anthropological constructions; Routledge: London, 1996; pp 88–120.
(180)
Conley, D. Wealth Matters. In Being black, living in the red: race, wealth, and social policy in America; University of California Press: Berkeley, Calif, 2010; pp 1–24.
(181)
Michael Hechter. Group Formation and the Cultural Division of Labor. American Journal of Sociology 1978, 84 (2), 293–318.
(182)
Solomos, J. The Organic Crisis of British Capitalism and Race: The Experience of the Seventies. In The Empire strikes back: race and racism in 70s Britain; Hutchinson in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham: London, 1982; Vol. Hutchinson university library, pp 9–46.
(183)
Rex, J. The Perception of the Immigrant in Metropolitan Society. In Race, colonialism and the city; Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1973; pp 81–92.
(184)
Rex, J. Part 2, ‘Colonial Migration to Britain 1945-70’, in Race, Colonialism and the City. In Race, colonialism and the city; Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1973; pp 75–136.
(185)
Pilkington, A.; 50, 29. Migration, Race and Ethnic Diversity. In Racial disadvantage and ethnic diversity in Britain; Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, 2003.
(186)
Wilson, J. W. The Declining Significance of Race. In The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing American institutions; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1980; pp 144–154.
(187)
Wilson, W. J. Chapter 5, ‘Modern Industrialization and the Alteration of Competitive Race Relations’, Chapter 6, ‘Protest, Politics, and the Changing Black Class Structure’, in The Declining Significance of Race. In The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing American institutions; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1980.
(188)
Wilson, W. J. Race, Class and Urban Poverty: A Rejoinder. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2003, 26 (6), 1096–1114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987032000132522.
(189)
Baumann, G. A Shared Southall Culture? In Contesting culture: discourses of identity in multi-ethnic London; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996; Vol. Cambridge studies in social and cultural anthropology, pp 37–71.
(190)
Baumann, G. Chapter 2, ‘The Argument: Identifying a Dominant Discourse’, in Contesting Culture. In Contesting culture: discourses of identity in multi-ethnic London; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996; Vol. Cambridge studies in social and cultural anthropology.
(191)
Essed, P. Everyday Racism:  A New Approach to the Study of Racism. In Race critical theories: text and context; Blackwell: Oxford, 2002; pp 176–194.
(192)
Fox, J. E.; Jones, D. Migration, Everyday Life and the Ethnicity Bias. Ethnicities 2013, 13 (4), 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796813483727.
(193)
Gans, H. J. Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America*. Ethnic and Racial Studies 1979, 2 (1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1979.9993248.
(194)
Gans, H. Article. Ethnic and racial studies 1979, 2, 1–20.
(195)
Karner, C. Ethnicity and Everyday Life. In Ethnicity and everyday life; Routledge: London, 2007; pp 15–47.
(196)
Karner, C. Chapter 2, ‘Power and Classification, Meaning and Resistance’, in Ethnicity and Everyday Life. In Ethnicity and everyday life; Routledge: London, 2007.
(197)
Ballis Lal, B. Chapter 13, ‘The “Chicago School” of American Sociology, Symbolic Interactionism, and Race Relations Theory’, in Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations. In Theories of race and ethnic relations; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986; Vol. Comparative ethnic and race relations, pp 280–298.
(198)
Wimmer, A. Does Ethnicity Matter? Everyday Group Formation in Three Swiss Immigrant Neighbourhoods. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2004, 27 (1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987032000147922.
(199)
Anthias, F. Interconnecting Boundaries of Identity and Belonging and Hierarchy-Making within Transnational Mobility Studies: Framing Inequalities. Current Sociology 2016, 64 (2), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115614780.
(200)
Billig, M. Chapter 3, ‘Remembering Banal Nationalism’, in  Banal Nationalism. In Banal nationalism; Sage: London, 2009; pp 37–59.
(201)
Brubaker, R. Chapter 12, ‘Politics’, in Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. In Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 2006; pp 333–355.
(202)
Byrne, B. Seeing, Talking, Living Race. In White lives: the interplay of ‘race’, class, and gender in everyday life; Routledge: London, 2006; pp 72–103.
(203)
Byrne, B. Chapter 2, ‘Troubling "Race”’, in White Lives. In White lives: the interplay of ‘race’, class, and gender in everyday life; Routledge: London, 2006; pp 15–27.
(204)
Fox, J. E.; Miller-Idriss, C. Everyday Nationhood. Ethnicities 2008, 8 (4), 536–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796808088925.
(205)
Katharine W. Jones. ‘I’ve Called 'em Tom-Ah-Toes All My Life and I’m Not Going to Change!’: Maintaining Linguistic Control over English Identity in the U.S. Social Forces 2001, 79 (3), 1061–1094.
(206)
Linde-Laursen, A. The Nationalization of Trivialities:  How Cleaning Becomes an Identity Marker in the Encounter of Swedes and Danes. Ethnos 1993, 275–293.
(207)
Miller, D. Chapter 8, ‘Coca-Cola: A Black Sweet Drink from Trinidad’, in Material Cultures. In Material cultures: why some things matter; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1998.
(208)
Okamura, J. Situational Ethnicity. Ethnic and racial studies 1981, 452–465.
(209)
Thompson, A. Nations, National Identities and Human Agency: Putting People Back into Nations. The Sociological Review 2001, 49 (1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00242.
(210)
Verkuyten, M. Construction of Ethnic Categories: Discourses of Ethnicity in the Netherlands. Ethnic and racial studies 1995, 18, 251–276.
(211)
Waters, M. C. Chapter 2, ‘Flux and Choice in American Ethnicity’, in Ethnic Options. In Ethnic options: choosing identities in America; University of California Press: Berkeley, 1990; pp 16–51.
(212)
Braubaker, R. Languages. In Nationalist politics and everyday ethnicity in a Transylvanian town; Princeton University Press: Princeton, N.J., 2006; pp 239–264.