1
Anthongy. C. Chapter 4. The Short Arm of the Law. Balancing the scales of justice: local courts and rural society in Southwest France, 1750-1800. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 2001.
2
Clive E. Introduction. Crime, police, and penal policy: European experiences, 1750-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013.
3
France: More on the French Penal Code of 1810. http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/france/penalcode/c_penalcode.html
4
Foucault M. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. London: Penguin Books 1991.
5
Wright G. Laboring on a Volcano, 1789-1814. Between the guillotine and liberty: two centuries of the crime problem in France. New York: Oxford University Press 1983:24–47.
6
Martin BF. Crime and criminal justice under the Third Republic: the shame of Marianne. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1990.
7
N M. ’Crimes and Punishments in Eighteenth-Century France: The Example of the pays d’Auge. Social history. Published Online First: 1977.
8
Elio M. Cesare Beccharia’. Pioneers in criminology. London: Stevens 1960:36–50.
9
NEWMAN G, MARONGIU P. PENOLOGICAL REFORM AND THE MYTH OF BECCARIA *. Criminology. 1990;28:325–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01328.x
10
Reinhardt SG. Justice in the Sarladais, 1770 - 1790. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1991.
11
Julius R. ’The Old Regime Criminal Justice System’. Crime, justice and public order in Old Regime France: the Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696-1789. London: Croom Helm 1984:24–43.
12
Spierenburg P. Punishment, Power, and History: Foucault and Elias. Social Science History. 2004;28:607–36. doi: 10.1215/01455532-28-4-607
13
Traer JF. From Reform to Revolution: The Critical Century in the Development of the French Legal System. The Journal of Modern History. 1977;49:73–88. doi: 10.1086/241540
14
René Lévy. NEW TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF CRIME AND JUSTICE IN FRANCE. IAHCCJ Bulletin. 1993;167–70.
15
Godfrey BS, Lawrence P. Crime and justice 1750-1950. Cullompton: Willan 2005.
16
Martin BF. Crime and criminal justice under the Third Republic: the shame of Marianne. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1990.
17
Wright G. Between the guillotine and liberty: two centuries of the crime problem in France. New York: Oxford University Press 1983.
18
Compte général de l’administration de la justice criminelle en France... / présenté... par le Garde des sceaux,... - 90 années disponibles - Gallica. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412790415/date.r=Compte+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+l’administration+de+la+justice.langFR
19
CriminoCorpus. https://criminocorpus.org/fr/outils/bibliographie/consultation/themes/
20
Lombroso Ferrero G. Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso. 1911.
21
Nye RA. Heredity or Milieu: The Foundations of Modern European Criminological Theory. Isis. 1976;67:335–55. doi: 10.1086/351628
22
Harris R. Medicine, Law, and Criminology. Murders and madness: medicine, law, and society in the fin de siècle. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989:80–124.
23
Beirne P. Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology. American Journal of Sociology. 1987;92:1140–69. doi: 10.1086/228630
24
Robert C. The Doctors and the Judges. I, Pierre Rivière, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother -: a case of parricide in the 19th century. 1982;250–69.
25
Clive E. Scientific Criminology. Crime, police, and penal policy: European experiences, 1750-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013:181–99.
26
Gibson M. Born to crime: Cesare Lombroso and the origins of biological criminology. Westport, Conn: Praeger 2002.
27
Goldstein J. Console and classify: the French psychiatric profession in the nineteenth century : with a new afterword. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2001.
28
Harris R. Murders and madness: medicine, law, and society in the Fin de Sìecle. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1989.
29
Leps M-C. Apprehending the criminal: the production of deviance in nineteenth-century discourse. Durham: Duke University Press 1992.
30
Nye RA. Crime, madness, & politics in modern France: the medical concept of national decline. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1984.
31
Pick D, Cambridge Books Online (Online service). Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c.1848–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1989.
32
Verplaetse J. Prosper Despine’s Psychologie naturelle and the discovery of the remorseless criminal in nineteenth-century France. History of Psychiatry. 2002;13:153–75. doi: 10.1177/0957154X0201305003
33
Becker P, Wetzell RF. Criminals and their scientists: the history of criminology in international perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.
34
Margaret WV. Gabriel Tarde. Pioneers in criminology. London: Stevens 1960:228–41.
35
Marvin W. Cesare Lombroso. Pioneers in criminology. London: Stevens 1960:168–227.
36
Lawrence P. ‘Images of Poverty and Crime’. Police Memoirs in England and France at the end of the nineteenth Century. Crime, Histoire & Soci?t?s. 2000;4:63–82. doi: 10.4000/chs.849
37
Merriman JM, Oxford Scholarship Online (Online service). Police stories: building the French state, 1815-1851. New York: Oxford University Press 2006.
38
Berlière. The Professionalisation of the Police Under the Third Republic in France, 1875-1914. Policing Western Europe: politics, professionalism, and public order, 1850-1940. New York: Greenwood Press 1991.
39
Howard B. Tips, Traps and Tropes: Police Work in Post-Revolutionary Paris. In: Emsley C, Shpayer-Makov H, eds. Police detectives in history, 1750-1950. Aldershot: Ashgate 2006.
40
Carpenter. Vidocq and the Image of the Counterfeit’. Aesthetics of fraudulence in nineteenth-century France: frauds, hoaxes, and counterfeits. Farnham: Ashgate 2009.
41
Cobb R. The police and the people: French popular protest 1789-1820. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1970.
42
EMSLEY C. THE FRENCH POLICE: UBIQUITOUS AND FACELESS. French History. 1989;3:222–7. doi: 10.1093/fh/3.2.222
43
Emsley C. Gendarmes and the State in nineteenth-century Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1999.
44
Emsley C. A typology of nineteenth-century police. Crime, Histoire & Sociétés. 1999;3:29–44. doi: 10.4000/chs.934
45
Emsley C. From Ex-Con to Expert: The Police Detective in Nineteenth-Century France. In: Emsley C, Shpayer-Makov H, eds. Police detectives in history, 1750-1950. Aldershot: Ashgate 2006:61–77.
46
Clive E. New Professionals: Old Problems. Crime, police, and penal policy: European experiences, 1750-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013:200–23.
47
Gillis AR. Crime and State Surveillance in Nineteenth-Century France. American Journal of Sociology. 1989;95:307–41. doi: 10.1086/229271
48
Johansen A. A Process of Civilisation? Legitimisation of Violent Policing in Prussian and French Police Manuals and Instructions, 1880?1914. European Review of History: Revue europ?enne d’histoire. 2007;14:49–71. doi: 10.1080/13507480701249083
49
Payne, Howard C. Theory and Practice of Political Police during the Second Empire in France. Journal of Modern History. 1958;30:14–23.
50
Payne HC. The police state of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, 1851-1860. Seattle: Washington University Press 1966.
51
Shpayer-Makov H, Knepper P, Johansen A. Detectives and Forensic Science: The Professionalization of Police Detection. In: Knepper P, Johansen A, eds. The Oxford handbook of the history of crime and criminal justice. New York: Oxford University Press 2016.
52
Smith, Tb. Assistance and repression: Rural exodus, vagabondage and social crisis in France, 1880-1914. Journal Of Social History. 1999;32.
53
Spitzer AB. The Bureaucrat as Proconsul: The Restoration Prefect and the Police Générale. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1965;7. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500003789
54
Freundschuh A. The courtesan and the gigolo: the murders in the Rue Montaigne and the dark side of empire in nineteenth-century Paris. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2017.
55
Gillis AR. Literacy and the civilization of violence in 19th-century France. Sociological Forum. 1994;9:371–401.
56
Benjamin M. The Crimes. Crime and criminal justice under the Third Republic: the shame of Marianne. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1990:1–38.
57
Muchembled R. Violence Tamed (1650-1950). A history of violence: from the end of the Middle Ages to the present. Cambridge: Polity 2012:197–242.
58
Ruth H. Murder under hypnosis in the case of Gabrielle Bompard: Psychiatry in the Courtroom in Belle Epoque Paris’. The Anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry, Vol.3: The Asylum and its psychiatry. London: Routledge 1988:197–241.
59
Levingston S. Little demon in the city of light: a true story of murder and mesmerism in Belle Époque Paris. First Anchor books edition. New York: Anchor Books, a division of Random House LLC 2015.
60
Plas R. Hysteria, Hypnosis, and Moral Sense in French 19th-Century Forensic Psychiatry. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 1998;21:397–407. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00024-7
61
Bignon, V. E.Caroli, R. Galbiati,. Stealing to Survive? Crime and Income Shocks in 19th Century France. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00623804/document
62
Corbin A, Goldhammer A. The village of cannibals: rage and murder in France, 1870. Cambridge: Polity 1992.
63
Downing L. Murder in the Feminine: Marie Lafarge and the Sexualization of the Nineteenth-Century Criminal Woman. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2008;18:121–37. doi: 10.1353/sex.0.0032
64
Lisa D. Real Murderer and False Poet: Pierre-François Lacénaire. The subject of murder: gender, exceptionality, and the modern killer. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 2013.
65
Eburne JP. Surrealism and the art of crime. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2008.
66
Eisner M. Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence. The Long-term Dynamics of European Homicide Rates in Theoretical Perspective. British Journal of Criminology. 2001;41:618–38. doi: 10.1093/bjc/41.4.618
67
Eisner M. Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime. Crime and Justice. 2003;30:83–142. doi: 10.1086/652229
68
Ferguson EE. Judicial Authority and Popular Justice: Crimes of Passion in Fin-de-Siecle Paris. Journal of Social History. 2006;40:293–315. doi: 10.1353/jsh.2007.0012
69
Lodhi AQ, Tilly C. Urbanization, Crime, and Collective Violence in 19th-Century France. American Journal of Sociology. 1973;79:296–318. doi: 10.1086/225548
70
Walter L. Émile Durkheim. Pioneers in criminology. London: Stevens 1960:301–115.
71
Robert N. Honor and the Duel in the Third Republic, 1860-1914. Masculinity and male codes of honor in modern France. Berkeley: University of California Press 1998:172–215.
72
Parrella A. Industrialization and Murder: Northern France, 1815-1904. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1992;22. doi: 10.2307/205239
73
Whitt HP. The Civilizing Process and Its Discontents: Suicide and Crimes against Persons in France, 1825–1830. American Journal of Sociology. 2010;116:130–86. doi: 10.1086/653541
74
Wood JC. A Change of Perspective: Integrating Evolutionary Psychology into the Historiography of Violence. British Journal of Criminology. 2011;51:479–98. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azq077
75
Donovan JM. Infanticide and the Juries in France, 1825-1913. Journal of Family History. 1991;16:157–76. doi: 10.1177/036319909101600204
76
Guillais J. Crimes of passion: dramas of private life in nineteenth-century France. Oxford: Polity in association with Blackwell 1990.
77
Martin BF. The Courts, the Magistrature, and Promotions in Third Republic France, 1871-1914. The American Historical Review. 1982;87. doi: 10.2307/1857902
78
Donovan JM. Justice Unblind: The Juries and the Criminal Classes in France, 1825-1914. Journal of Social History. 1981;15:89–107. doi: 10.1353/jsh/15.1.89
79
Mason L. The "Bosom of Proof”: Criminal Justice and the Renewal of Oral Culture during the French Revolution. The Journal of Modern History. 2004;76:29–61. doi: 10.1086/421184
80
Berenson E. The trial of Madame Caillaux. Berkeley: University of California Press 1993.
81
Savitt, William. Villainous verdicts? Rethinking the nineteenth-century French jury. Columbia Law Review. 1996;96. doi: 10.2307/1123432
82
Calonne, Alphonse de. THE FRENCH JUDICIAL SYSTEM. The Nineteenth century: a monthly review. 1899;45:378–88.
83
James D. The Changing Composition of Juries in France, 1791-1913. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History: selected papers of the annual meeting. ;256–72.
84
Donovan JM. Juries and the transformation of criminal justice in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010.
85
Adhémar E. Part III: History of Criminal Procedure Since the French Revolution. A history of continental criminal procedure with special reference to France. South Hackensack, N.J.: Rotham Reprints 1968:393–569.
86
Ferguson EE. Judicial Authority and Popular Justice: Crimes of Passion in Fin-de-Siecle Paris. Journal of Social History. 2006;40:293–315. doi: 10.1353/jsh.2007.0012
87
Geometries of Power. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 2013;72:434–74. doi: 10.1525/jsah.2013.72.4.434
88
Taylor KF. In the theater of criminal justice: the Palais de justice in Second Empire Paris. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1993.
89
Freundschuh A. The courtesan and the gigolo: the murders in the Rue Montaigne and the dark side of empire in nineteenth-century Paris. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2017.
90
LÉVY R. Police and the Judiciary in France since the Nineteenth Century. The Decline of the Examining Magistrate. The British Journal of Criminology. 1993;33:167–167. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048295
91
Gordon W. Laboring on a Volcano (1789-1814). Between the guillotine and liberty: two centuries of the crime problem in France. New York: Oxford University Press 1983:24–47.
92
Clémence Z. The Code d’Instruction criminelle, 1808 - napoleon.org. https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/articles/the-code-dinstruction-criminelle-1808/
93
Taylor KF. In the theater of criminal justice: the Palais de justice in Second Empire Paris. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1993.
94
Begley L. Why the Dreyfus affair matters. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press 2009.
95
Harris R. The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair. Past & Present. 2007;194:175–211. doi: 10.1093/pastj/gtl015
96
Harris R. Degradation. The man on Devil’s Island: Alfred Dreyfus and the affair that divided France. London: Allen Lane 2010:15–41.
97
Kaplan, Robert. Making sense of the rennes verdict: The military dimension of the dreyfus affair. Journal of Contemporary History. 1999;34:499–515. doi: 10.1177/002200949903400401
98
Martin BF. Political justice in France: The Dreyfus affair and after. The European Legacy. 1997;2:809–26. doi: 10.1080/10848779708579818
99
Mitchell A. The Xenophobic Style: French Counterespionage and the Emergence of the Dreyfus Affair. The Journal of Modern History. 1980;52:414–25. doi: 10.1086/242145
100
William P. Love and Death in Gay Paris: Homosexuality and Criminality in the 1870s. In: Merrick J, Ragan BT, eds. Homosexuality in modern France. New York: Oxford University Press 1996.
101
Anne-Marie Sohn. The Golden Age of Male Adultery: The Third Republic. Journal of Social History. 1995;28:469–90.
102
Corbin A. Commercial Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France: A System of Images and Regulations. Representations. 1986;209–19. doi: 10.2307/2928440
103
Bechtold B. Infanticide in 19th century France: a quantitative interpretationâ. Review of Radical Political Economics. 2001;33:165–87. doi: 10.1016/S0486-6134(01)00071-7
104
Clayson H. Painted love: prostitution in French art of the impressionist era. New Haven: Yale University Press 1991.
105
Clayson H. Representations of prostitution in early Third Republic France. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International 1986.
106
Corbin A. Women for hire: prostitution and sexuality in France after 1850. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press 1990.
107
Harsin J. Policing prostitution in nineteenth-century Paris. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1985.
108
Lewis B. The Sewer and the Prostitute in Les Mis?rables: From Regulation to Redemption. Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 2016;44:266–78. doi: 10.1353/ncf.2016.0002
109
Matlock J. Scenes of seduction: prostitution, hysteria, and reading difference in nineteenth-century France. New York: Columbia University Press 1994.
110
Maza SC. Violette Nozière: a story of murder in 1930s Paris. Berkeley: University of California Press 2011.
111
Émile, Z. Nana : (sequel to ‘L’assommoir.’) : Zola, Emile, 1840-1902 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/nanasequeltolass00zola
112
Kalifa, D, Flynn MJ. Criminal investigators at the fin-de-siecle. Yale French Studies. 2005;36–47. doi: 10.2307/4149296
113
Maza S. A Culture of Crime. Violette Nozière: a story of murder in 1930s Paris. Berkeley: University of California Press 2011:174–202.
114
Allen JS. History and the Novel: Mentalite in Modern Popular Fiction. History and Theory. 1983;22. doi: 10.2307/2504982
115
Cragin T. Murder in Parisian streets: manufacturing crime and justice in the Popular Press, 1830-1900. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press 2006.
116
Aaron Freundschuh. Chapter 3. The Courtesan and the Gigolo: The Murders in the Rue Montaigne and the Dark Side of Empire in Nineteenth-Century Paris. Stanford University Press; 1 edition 11 AD.
117
Minor LW. The militant hackwriter: French popular literature 1800-1848, its influence, artistic and political. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press 1975.
118
Poulosky L. Severed heads and martyred souls: crime and capital punishment in French romantic literature. New York: P. Lang 2003.
119
Shaya G. The Flaneur, the Badaud, and the Making of a Mass Public in France, circa 1860-1910. The American Historical Review. 2004;109:41–77. doi: 10.1086/530151
120
Sindall R. Street violence in the nineteenth century: media panic or real danger? Leicester: Leicester University Press 1990.
121
Sue, Eugène. The mysteries of Paris. 1878. http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?intldl/ascfrbib:@OR(@field(NUMBER+@od2(rbfr+2010)))
122
Daniel V. The Cultural History of Crime. A companion to nineteenth-century Europe, 1789-1914. Oxford: Blackwell Pub 2006:355–68.
123
Guillaume F. The Emergence of French Crime Fiction during the Nineteenth Century. The Journal of Publishing Culture. 2015;4.
124
Clive, E. Danger in the City: Danger in the Countryside’. Crime, police, and penal policy: European experiences, 1750-1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013:135–59.
125
Peter S. Deep Play in the Forest: Peasant Culture and Protest in Nineteenth-Century France. Culture and identity in early modern Europe (1500 - 1800): essays in honor of Natalie Zemon Davis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1993:159–77.
126
Dominique Kalifa. Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth-Century Paris. French Historical Studies. 2004;27:175–94.
127
McPhee P. ‘Dur, fier et ardent’: Murder in Villesèque, 1830. Revolution and Environment in Southern France. Oxford University Press 1999:205–31.
128
Corbin A, Goldhammer A. The village of cannibals: rage and murder in France, 1870. Cambridge: Polity 1992.
129
Crubaugh A. Balancing the scales of justice: local courts and rural society in Southwest France, 1750-1800. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 2001.
130
Hobsbawm EJ. Bandits. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1969.
131
Weber E. From Justice, Lord Deliver Us! Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France, 1870-1914. London: Chatto and Windus 1977:50–66.
132
Weber E. Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernization of rural France, 1870-1914. London: Chatto and Windus 1977.
133
Woloch I. The new regime: transformations of the French civic order, 1789-1820s. New York: W.W. Norton 1995.
134
Blok A. Honour and violence. Cambridge: Polity Press 2001.
135
Hobsbawm EJ. What is Social Banditry? Bandits. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1969:13–23.
136
Brown H. From Organic Society to Security State: The War on Brigandage in France, 1797?1802. The Journal of Modern History. 1997;69:661–5. doi: 10.1086/245590
137
Grab A. State Power, Brigandage and Rural Resistance in Napoleonic Italy. European History Quarterly. 1995;25:39–70. doi: 10.1177/026569149502500102
138
Wilson S. Feuding, conflict and banditry in nineteenth-century Corsica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988.
139
de Blécourt W. Witch doctors, soothsayers and priests. On cunning folk in European historiography and tradition. Social History. 1994;19:285–303. doi: 10.1080/03071029408567910
140
Owen D. Witchcraft Accusations in France. The Greening of rural policy: international perspectives. London: Belhaven Press 1992:107–32.
141
Devlin J. Chapter 4. Witchcraft and the Sense of Injustice. The superstitious mind: French peasants and the supernatural in the nineteenth century. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press 1987:100–19.
142
Pooley, William G. Can the ‘Peasant’ Speak? Witchcraft and Silence in Guillaume Cazaux’s ‘The Mass of Saint Sécaire’. Western Folklore. 2012;71:93–118.
143
Louis C. Hugo. Labouring classes and dangerous classes in Paris during the first half of the nineteenth century. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1973.
144
Cohen WB. Urban government and the rise of the French city: five municipalities in the nineteenth century. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998.
145
Cragin T. Murder in Parisian streets: manufacturing crime and justice in the Popular Press, 1830-1900. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press 2006.
146
Pope W. Durkheim’s ‘Suicide’: a classic analyzed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1976.
147
EMSLEY C. POLICING THE STREETS OF EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY PARIS. French History. 1987;1:257–82. doi: 10.1093/fh/1.2.257
148
Merriman JM, Oxford Scholarship Online (Online service). The margins of city life: explorations on the French urban frontier, 1815-1851. New York: Oxford University Press 1991.
149
Edgar Leon N. ‘"I was born good, society corrupted me.” Hippolyte Raynal, the Anti-Émile, Poet, Artisan and Thief’.
150
Christopher. P. Paris Underground. Paris and the nineteenth century. Oxford: Blackwell 1992:74–101.
151
Freundschuh A. The courtesan and the gigolo: the murders in the Rue Montaigne and the dark side of empire in nineteenth-century Paris. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2017.
152
Antoinette B. Introduction. After the imperial turn: thinking with and through the nation. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 2003.
153
Benton, Lauren. Colonial Law and Cultural Difference: Jurisdictional Politics and the Formation of the Colonial State. Comparative Studies In Society And History. 1999;41:563–88.
154
Christelow A. The Muslim Judge and Municipal Politics in Colonial Algeria and Senegal. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1982;24. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500009774
155
Klein MA, Cambridge Books Online (Online service). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998.
156
MANN G. WHAT WAS THE INDIG?NAT? THE ?EMPIRE OF LAW? IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA. The Journal of African History. 2009;50. doi: 10.1017/S0021853709990090
157
McDougall J. The Secular State’s Islamic Empire: Muslim Spaces and Subjects of Jurisdiction in Paris and Algiers, 1905–1957. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2010;52:553–80. doi: 10.1017/S0010417510000307
158
Schneider WH. An empire for the masses: the French popular image of Africa, 1870-1900. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1982.
159
Perrot M. Delinquency and the Penitentiary System in Nineteenth-Century France. Deviants and the abandoned in French society: selections from the Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1978:213–45.
160
Alexis de T, Gustave de B. On the penitentiary system in the United States and its application in France; with an appendix on penal colonies and also statistical notes; : Beaumont, Gustave de, 1802-1866 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/onpenitentiarysy00beauuoft
161
Randall McGowen and Daniel Gordon
Michael Meranze
Robert Nye
Randall McGowen
Daniel Gordon
Gene E. Ogle
Paul Friedland
Katherine Royer
Carlin A. Barton
Austin Sarat. Historical Reflections.
162
O’Brien P. The promise of punishment: prisons in nineteenth-century France. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1982.
163
Foucault M. Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1979.
164
Aaron Freundschuh. Chapter 8. The Courtesan and the Gigolo: The Murders in the Rue Montaigne and the Dark Side of Empire in Nineteenth-Century Paris. Stanford University Press; 1 edition 11 AD.
165
Garland D. Punishment and welfare: a history of penal strategies. Aldershot: Gower 1985.
166
Spierenburg P. Violence and the civilizing process?: does it work?? Crime, Histoire & Soci?t?s. 2001;5:87–105. doi: 10.4000/chs.740
167
Spierenburg P. The spectacle of suffering: executions and the evolution of repression : from a preindustrial metropolis to the European experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984.