(1)
Pearce, J. Colombia, inside the Labyrinth; Latin America Bureau (Research and Action): London, 1990.
(2)
Bushnell, D. The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself; Univ. of California Press: Berkeley.
(3)
Livingstone, G. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War; Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, N.J., 2004.
(4)
Feiling, T. Short Walks from Bogotá: Journeys in the New Colombia; Penguin Books: London, 2013.
(5)
Palacios, M. Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875-2002; Duke University Press: Durham, 2006.
(6)
Safford, F.; Palacios, M. Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society; Oxford University Press: New York, 2002.
(7)
Hylton, F. Evil Hour in Colombia; Verso: London, 2006.
(8)
Brown, M. From Frontiers to Football: An Alternative History of Latin America since 1800; Reaktion Books: London, 2014.
(9)
The Cambridge History of Latin America; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984.
(10)
Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango. https://www.banrepcultural.org/.
(11)
Pearce, J. Colombia, inside the Labyrinth; Latin America Bureau (Research and Action): London, 1990.
(12)
Bushnell, D. The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself; Univ. of California Press: Berkeley.
(13)
Hylton, F. Evil Hour in Colombia; Verso: London, 2006.
(14)
Safford, F.; Palacios, M. Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society; Oxford University Press: New York, 2002.
(15)
Livingstone, G. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War; Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, N.J., 2004.
(16)
Palacios, M. Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875-2002; Duke University Press: Durham, 2006.
(17)
Feiling, T. Short Walks from Bogotá: Journeys in the New Colombia; Penguin Books: London, 2013.
(18)
De La Habana a La Paz; Debate, 2016.
(19)
Isaacs, J. María, 6. ed.; Aguilar: Madrid, 1964.
(20)
Rivera, J. E. La Vorágine, 12. ed.; Editorial Losada: Buenos Aires, 1971; Vol. 94.
(21)
García Márquez, G.; Joset, J. Cien Años de Soledad, 9a ed.; Cátedra: Madrid, 1999; Vol. 215.
(22)
Posada-Carbó, E. Fiction as History: The Bananeras and Gabriel García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. Journal of Latin American Studies 1998, 30 (2), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X98005094.
(23)
Karl, R. A. Forgotten Peace: Reform, Violence, and the Making of Contemporary Colombia; University of California Press: Oakland, California, 2018.
(24)
Guzmán Campos, G. La Violencia En Colombia. Estudio de Un Proceso Social, Segunda edición.; Bogotá, 1963.
(25)
Comisión Histórica del Conflicto y Sus Víctimas. Contribución al Entendimiento Del Conflicto Armado En Colombia, 2015.
(26)
Restrepo, L. La Multitud Errante; Editorial Anagrama: Barcelona, 2003.
(27)
Gomez-Suarez, A. Genocide, Geopolitics and Transnational Networks; Taylor & Francis, 2017.
(28)
Vallejo, F. La Virgen de Los Sicarios, 2. ed.; Alfaguara: Bogotá, Colombia, 2005.
(29)
Abad Faciolince, H. J. El Olvido Que Seremos, Primera edición.; Planeta: Bogotá, 2006.
(30)
El Ruido de Las Cosas al Caer; Alfaguara: Spain, 2011.
(31)
Roldán, M. Colombia and the ‘Miracle’ of Modernity in Medellín. In Cocaine: global histories; Gootenberg, P., Ed.; Routledge: London, 1999.
(32)
Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991 - Enciclopedia | Banrepcultural. http://enciclopedia.banrepcultural.org/index.php?title=Constituci%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Colombia_de_1991.
(33)
Maria McFarland Sánchez-Moreno. There Are No Dead Here; 2018.
(34)
Tate, W. Counting the Dead: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights Activism in Colombia; University of California Press: Berkeley; Vol. 18.
(35)
Comisión Histórica del Conflicto y Sus Víctimas. Contribución al Entendimiento Del Conflicto Armado En Colombia, 2015.
(36)
Richani, N. The Political Economy of Violence: The War-System in Colombia. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1997, 39 (2), 37–81.
(37)
Burnyeat, G. Chocolate, Politics and Peace-Building; Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
(38)
Comisión Nacional de Memoria Histórica. ¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad. http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/micrositios/informeGeneral/.
(39)
http://www.acuerdodepaz.gov.co/acuerdos/acuerdo-final.
(40)
Gomez-Suarez, A. El Triunfo Del No: La Paradoja Emocional Detrás Del Plebiscito; Icono: Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 2016.
(41)
Santos, J. M. La Batalla Por La Paz; Planeta: Bogotá, 2019.
(42)
Jorge Rojas Rodríguez. Timochenko: El Último Guerrillero; Ediciones B.: Bogotá, 2013.
(43)
Calle Lombana, H. de la. Revelaciones al Final de Una Guerra: Testimonio Del Jefe Negociador Del Gobierno Colombiano En La Habana, Primera edición.; Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial: Bogotá, 2019.
(44)
Vásquez, J. G.; McLean, A. The Shape of the Ruins; MacLehose Press, an imprint of Quercus Publishing Ltd: London, 2018.
(45)
Colombian Cinema: Ten must-see Colombian films. https://thebogotapost.com/ten-must-see-colombian-films/6913/.
(46)
Semana - Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo. https://www.semana.com/.
(47)
El Tiempo - Noticias Principales de Colombia y el Mundo. https://www.eltiempo.com/.
(48)
Fundación Ideas para la Paz (FIP). http://www.ideaspaz.org/new_site/index.php.
(49)
Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de La Cultura.
(51)
Historia y Sociedad.
(52)
Appelbaum, N. P. Muddied Waters: Race, Region, and Local History in Colombia, 1846-1948; Duke University Press: Durham, 2003.
(53)
Nancy Appelbaum. Whitening the Region: Caucano Mediation and ‘Antioqueño Colonization’ in Nineteenth-Century Colombia. The Hispanic American Historical Review 1999, 79 (4).
(54)
Barham, B.; Coomes, O. Wild Rubber: Industrial Organisation and the Microeconomics of Extraction During the Amazon Rubber Boom(1860–1920). Journal of Latin American Studies 1994, 26 (1), 37–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X00018848.
(55)
Bergquist, C. W. Coffee and Conflict in Colombia, 1886-1910; Duke University Press: Durham, N.C., 1978.
(56)
Brown, M. Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations; Liverpool University Press: Liverpool, 2006; Vol. new ser., 8.
(57)
Brown, M. The Struggle for Power in Post-Independence Colombia and Venezuela, 1st ed.; Palgrave Macmillan: New York.
(58)
D’Allemand, P. Of Silences and Exclusions: Nation and Culture in Nineteenth- Century Colombia. In Contemporary Latin American cultural studies; Arnold: London, 2003; pp 215–227.
(59)
Deas, M. D. Del Poder y La Gramática: Y Otros Ensayos Sobre Historia, Política y Literatura Colombianas, 1. ed.; Tercer Mundo Editores: Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia, 1993.
(60)
Brown, M. Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce and Capital; Blackwell Pub: Oxford, UK.
(61)
Delpar, H. Road to Revolution: The Liberal Party of Colombia, 1886-1899. The Americas 1976, 32 (3). https://doi.org/10.2307/980159.
(62)
Earle, R. Rape and the Anxious Republic: Revolutionary Colombia, 1810-1830’. In Hidden histories of gender and the state in Latin America; Duke University Press: Durham, NC, 2000.
(63)
Earle, R. Popular Participation in the Wars of Independence in New Granada. In Independence and revolution in Spanish America: perspectives and problems; Institute of Latin American Studies: London, 1999; Vol. no. 3.
(64)
Earle, R. Spain and the Independence of Colombia 1810-1825; University of Exeter Press: Exeter, 2000.
(65)
Echeverri, M. Popular Royalists, Empire, and Politics in Southwestern New Granada, 1809 - 1819. Hispanic American Historical Review 2011, 91 (2), 237–269. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-1165208.
(66)
García Estrada, R. de J. Los Extranjeros En Colombia: Su Aporte a La Construcción de La Nación (1810-1920), 1. ed.; Planeta: Bogotá, 2006.
(67)
Helg, A. Liberty & Equality in Caribbean Colombia, 1770-1835; University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill.
(68)
McFarlane, A. Colombia before Independence: Economy, Society, and Politics under Bourbon Rule; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1993; Vol. no. 75.
(69)
McFarlane, A. Building Political Order: The First Republic in New Granada, 1810-1815. In In search of a new order: essays on the politics and society of nineteenth-century Latin America; Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London: London, 1998; Vol. no. 2.
(70)
McGuinness, A. Path of Empire: Panama and the California Gold Rush; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 2008.
(71)
Eduardo Posada-Carbo. Elections and Civil Wars in Nineteenth-Century Colombia: The 1875 Presidential Campaign. Journal of Latin American Studies 1994, 26 (3).
(72)
Sanders, J. E. Contentious Republicans: Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-Century Colombia; Duke University Press: Durham, 2004.
(73)
Thibaud, C. Repúblicas En Armas: Los Ejércitos Bolivarianos En La Guerra de Independencia En Colombia y Venezuela; Planeta: Bogotá, D.C.
(74)
Tovar, B. Porque Los Muertos Mandan: El Imaginario Patriótico de La Historia Colombiana. In Pensar el pasado; Ortiz Sarmiento, C. M., Tovar Zambrano, B. T. Z., Eds.; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1997.
(75)
Tovar Mora, J. A.; Tovar Pinzón, H. El Oscuro Camino de La Libertad: Los Esclavos En Colombia, 1821-1851, 1a ed.; Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía: Bogotá, 2009; Vol. 2.
(76)
Uribe Urán, V. Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780-1850; University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh, Pa.
(77)
Uribe Urán, V. Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780-1850; University of Pittsburgh Press: Pittsburgh, Pa.
(78)
Safford, F. Race, Integration, and Progress: Elite Attitudes and the Indian in Colombia, 1750-1870. The Hispanic American Historical Review 1991, 71 (1). https://doi.org/10.2307/2516421.
(79)
Safford, F. In Search of the Practical: Colombian Students in Foreign Lands, 1845-1890. The Hispanic American Historical Review 1972, 52 (2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2512429.
(80)
LeGrand, C. Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a United Fruit Company Banana Enclave in Colombia. In Close encounters of empire: writing the cultural history of U.S.-Latin American relations; Joseph, G. M., LeGrand, C., Salvatore, R. D., Eds.; Duke University Press: Durham, N.C., 1998.
(81)
Rogers, C. Medicine, Madness and Writing in La Vorágine. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 2010, 87 (1), 89–108.
(82)
Serje, M. Violence as Context: Colonial Landscapes and Frontier Narratives in the Interpretation of Conflict in Colombia’. In A world torn apart: representations of violence in Latin American narrative; Peter Lang: Oxford; Vol. v. 9.
(83)
Wylie, L. Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks: Rewriting the Tropics in the Novela de La Selva; Liverpool University Press: Liverpool [England], 2009; Vol. new ser., 10.
(84)
Wylie, L. Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks: Rewriting the Tropics in the ‘Novela de La Selva’. The Modern Language Review 2006, 101 (3). https://doi.org/10.2307/20466906.
(85)
Wade, G. E. An Introduction to the Colombian Novel. Hispania 1947, 30 (4). https://doi.org/10.2307/333879.
(86)
Roldán, M. Blood and Fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953; Duke University Press: Durham, 2003.
(87)
Sánchez, G. El Gaitanismo y La Insurrección Del 9 de Abril En Provincia. Anuario colombiano de historia social y de la cultura 1982, 10.
(88)
Abel, C. External Philanthropy and Domestic Change in Colombian Health Care: The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation, ca. 1920-1950. The Hispanic American Historical Review 1995, 75 (3). https://doi.org/10.2307/2517226.
(89)
Bergquist, C. W.; Peñaranda, R.; Sánchez G., G. Violence in Colombia: The Contemporary Crisis in Historical Perspective; SR Books: Wilmington, Del, 1992.
(90)
Bucheli, M. Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia, 1899-2000; New York University Press: New York.
(91)
Goodman, J. The Devil and Mr. Casement: One Man’s Battle for Human Rights in South America’s Heart of Darkness, 1st American ed.; Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York, 2010.
(92)
García Márquez, G. El Triple Campeón Revela Sus Secretos. In Obra periodística: Vol.3, entre cachacos II, recopilación y prólogo de Jacques Gilard; Bogotá, 1982; pp 702–812.
(93)
González Rodas, P. Colombia: Novela y Violencia; Secretaría de Cultura de Caldas: Manizales, Colombia, 2003.
(94)
Healy, D. Drive to Hegemony: The United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917; University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, WI, 1988.
(95)
Isherwood, C. Condor and the Cows; [publisher not identified]: [Place of publication not identified], 1949.
(96)
Loy, J. M. Rebellion in the Colombian Llanos: The Arauca Affair of 1917. The Americas 1978, 34 (4). https://doi.org/10.2307/981163.
(97)
Angus Mitchell. Ireland, South America and the Forgotten History of Rubber. History Ireland 2008, 16 (4).
(98)
Palacios, M. Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875-2002; Duke University Press: Durham, 2006.
(99)
Pécaut, D. Crónica de Cuatro Décadas de Política Colombiana; 2006.
(100)
Posada-Carbo, E. Limits of Power: Elections Under the Conservative Hegemony in Colombia, 1886-1930. The Hispanic American Historical Review 1997, 77 (2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2516902.
(101)
Sánchez G., G. Guerra y Política En La Sociedad Colombiana, 1. ed.; El Ancora Editores: Bogotá, 1991.
(102)
Sánchez G., G.; Meertens, D. Bandits, Peasants, and Politics: The Case of ‘La Violencia’ in Colombia, 1st University of Texas Press ed.; University of Texas Press: Austin, 2001.
(103)
Rausch, J. Colombia, Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier; University Press of Florida: Gainesville, 1999.
(104)
Rendell, M. Kings of the Mountains: How Colombia’s Cycling Heroes Changed Their Nation’s History; Aurum Press, 2002.
(105)
Taussig, M. Culture of Terror - Space of Death: Roger Casement’s Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture. In Colonialism and culture; University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.
(106)
Wade, P. Music, Race & Nation: Música Tropical in Colombia; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2000.
(107)
Wade, P. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia; Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.
(108)
Peter Wade. Music, Blackness and National Identity: Three Moments in Colombian History. Popular Music 1998, 17 (1).
(109)
Hylton, F. Evil Hour in Colombia; Verso: London, 2006.
(110)
Hristov, J. Legalizing the Illegal: Paramilitarism in Colombia’s ‘Post-Paramilitary’ Era. NACLA Report on the Americas 2009, 42 (4), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2009.11722227.
(111)
Bagley, B. M. The New Hundred Years War? US National Security and the War on Drugs in Latin America. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 1988, 30 (1). https://doi.org/10.2307/165793.
(112)
Bagley, Bruce, B. M. Narcotráfico, Violencia Política y Política Exterior de Estados Unidos Hacia Colombia En Los Noventa. Colombia Internacional 2000, no. 49-50, 5–38.
(113)
Baud, M.; Camacho Guizado, A.; Meertens, D. Colombia from the inside: Perspectives on Drugs, War and Peace; CEDLA: Amsterdam; Vol. 18.
(114)
Buxton, J. The Politics of Narcotic Drugs: A Survey, 1st ed.; Routledge: London, 2011.
(115)
Buxton, J. The Political Economy of Narcotics: Production, Consumption and Global Markets; Fernwood Pub: Black Point, Canada, 2006.
(116)
Delgado, J. M. C. El Narcotremendismo Literario de Fernando Vallejo. La Religión de La Violencia En La Virgen de Los Sicarios. Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana 2006, 32 (63/64). https://doi.org/10.2307/25070333.
(117)
Ron Chepesiuk. Drug Lords :The Rise and Fall of the Cali Cartel, the Richest, Most Powerful Crime Syndicate In History; Milo Books.
(118)
Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris. Los Caminos de La Alianza Entre Los Paramilitares y Los Politicos, 2007.
(119)
Dion, Mi. L.; Russler, C. Eradication Efforts, the State, Displacement and Poverty: Explaining Coca Cultivation in Colombia during Plan Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies 2008, 40 (3), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X08004380.
(120)
L’Hoeste, H. D. F.; L’Hoeste, H. D. F. La Virgen de Los Sicarios o Las Visiones Dantescas de Fernando Vallejo. Hispania 2000, 83 (4). https://doi.org/10.2307/346446.
(121)
Gootenberg, P.; Campos, I. Toward a New Drug History of Latin America: A Research Frontier at the Center of Debates. Hispanic American Historical Review 2015, 95 (1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2836796.
(122)
Henderson, J. D. Colombia’s Narcotics Nightmare: How the Drug Trade Destroyed Peace; McFarland & Company: Jefferson, 2015.
(123)
Jennifer S. Holmes, Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres and Kevin M. Curtin. Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis. Latin American Politics and Society 2006, 48 (3).
(124)
Kirk, R. More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America’s War in Colombia, 1st ed.; Public Affairs: New York.
(125)
Lander, M. F. The Intellectual’s Criminal Discourse. Discourse 2003, 25 (3), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/dis.2005.0003.
(126)
O’Bryen, R. Representations of the City in the Narrative of Fernando Vallejo. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 2004, 13 (2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356932042000246986.
(127)
O’Shaughnessy, H.; Branford, S. Chemical Warfare in Colombia: The Costs of Coca Fumigation; Latin America Bureau: London.
(128)
Polit Duenas, G. Sicarios, Delirantes y Los Efectos Del Narcotrafico En La Literatura Colombiana. Hispanic Review 2006, 74 (2), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1353/hir.2006.0016.
(129)
Restrepo-Gautier, Pablo. Lo Sublime y El Caos Urbano: Visiones Apocalípticas de Medellín En La Virgen de Los Sicarios de Fernando Vallejo. Chasqui 2004, 33, 96–105.
(130)
Riaño Alcalá, P. Dwellers of Memory: Youth and Violence in Medellín, Colombia; Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, N.J.
(131)
Restrepo-Gautier, Pablo. Lo Sublime y El Caos Urbano: Visiones Apocalípticas de Medellín En La Virgen de Los Sicarios de Fernando Vallejo. Chasqui 2004, 33 (May), 96–105.
(132)
Stokes, D. America’s Other War: Terrorizing Colombia; Zed Books: London.
(133)
Salazar. Born to Die in Medellin; Monthly Review Press, 1991.
(134)
Taussig, M. T. My Cocaine Museum; University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2004.
(135)
Arboleda, J. A.; Petesch, P. L.; Blackburn, J. Voices of the Poor in Colombia: Strengthening Livelihoods, Families, and Communities; World Bank: Washington, DC, 2004.
(136)
Braun, H. Our Guerrillas, Our Sidewalks: A Journey into the Violence of Colombia, 2nd ed.; Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham, Md.
(137)
Coghlan, N. The Saddest Country: On Assignment in Colombia; McGill-Queen’s University Press: Montréal.
(138)
Dudley, S. S. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia; Routledge: New York, 2004.
(139)
Human Rights Watch. Guerra sin cuartel: Colombia y el derecho internacional humanitario. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/spanish/informes/1998/guerra.html.
(140)
Leal, C. Unos Bosques Sembrados de Aserríos: Historia de La Extracción Maderera En El Pacífico Colombiano, 1. ed.; Universidad de Antioquia: Medellín, Colombia, 2003.
(141)
Riaño Alcalá, P. Dwellers of Memory: Youth and Violence in Medellín, Colombia; Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, N.J.
(142)
Merino, J. F. Laura Restrepo o la indagación permanente. http://www.latinoamerica-online.info/cult03/letteratura07.03.html#laura.
(143)
Guillermoprieto, A. The Children’s War. The New York Review of Books 2000, No. May 11, 37–40.
(144)
Posada Carbó, E. El Desafío de Las Ideas: Ensayos de Historia Intelectual y Política En Colombia, 1. ed.; Banco de la República, Colombia: Medellín, 2003.
(145)
Posada Carbó, E. Reflexiones Sobre La Cultura Política Colombiana, 1. ed.; Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Administración: Bogotá, D.C., 2001; Vol. Cátedra corona; 2.
(146)
Rappaport, J. Intercultural Utopias: Public Intellectuals, Cultural Experimentation, and Ethnic Pluralism in Colombia; Duke University Press: Durham, N.C., 2005.
(147)
Gonzalo Sánchez G. Colombia: Violencias Sin Futuro. Foro Internacional 1998, 38 (1).
(148)
Wade, P. Mestizaje, Multiculturalism, Liberalism, and Violence. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 2016, 11 (3), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2016.1214368.
(149)
Cano, A. Siempre Será Posible Construir Escenarios de Negociación Con El Gobierno. Público 11AD.
(150)
Martínez Leguízamo, J. O. Colombia: The Peace Process and Solutions for Forced Migrants | Forced Migration Review. Forced Migration Review 2015, 53.
(151)
Rettberg, A.; Ugarriza, J. E. Reconciliation: A Comprehensive Framework for Empirical Analysis. Security Dialogue 2016, 47 (6), 517–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010616671858.
(152)
Kroc Institute reports. https://kroc.nd.edu/research/peace-processes-accords/pam-colombia/.
